Literature Review and Empirical Evidence - 1382 Words

CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW AND EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE 3.0 Introduction This section explains the development of CBI-related theoretical frameworks, the different CBI measures and indices that have been reviewed through various studies; the fore said benefits of CBI and wraps-up empirical evidence. 3.1. The Theoretical Arguments and Underpinnings Theories on CBI has most been constructed from pioneering empirical cases over the past three decades. Among the several theories developed, the case of CBI is mainly linked with the following notable works. These theories postulate that political authorities will look for incentives and opportunities to achieve real economic objectives or short-term political objectives and do not disparage the powers of Central Banks to resist political pressure. 3.1.1. Political Business Cycles Model Nordhaus (1975), Hibbs (1977) and other writers on ‘political business cycles’ alluded that economic business cycles will be mirroring the election cycles and this would give enough leeway for frictions between political considerations and economic requisites to arise. These theorists pointed out that incumbent Governments may tend to apply restrictive policies at the outset of their tenure while they would catalyse pre-election booms as vote seeking strategies; and if they are re-elected, the policy priorities may shift extreme once more towards inflation control in lieu of employment generation.. Alteration to the dynamics of the economic canShow MoreRelatedStandardization in International Marketing Strategy Is Doomed to Failure: Literature Review and Methodological Critique1577 Words   |  7 PagesMarketing Strategy is doomed to failure: Literature review and methodological critique. The literature on standardization of international marketing strategy has rapidly increased in amount since Levitt (1983) suggested the main concept that business strategies and their influences on firm performance should be universal through national markets which are very much alike culturally, economically and politically, in spite of limited empirical evidence focused directly on this topic. He pointedRead MoreHealth Care Cost And Stricter Regulations For Insurance Reimbursement Plans888 Words   |  4 Pages(Siabani, Driscoll, Davidson, and Leeder, 2014). The need for streamline healthcare for CHF patients is imperative to improve overall patient outcomes and reduce the amount of hospital readmission rates. This study is aimed at reviewing the literature to find evidence-based interventions that results in a decrease in CHF readmission rates. Elderly, African American, and low socioeconomic status patients have the highest risk for hospital readmission. (Joynt, Orav, and Jah, 2011). Interventions beingRead MoreCyber Violence And Its Effects On Modern Society881 Words   |  4 PagesTitle: Understanding Cyber Violence in contemporary society Research Question The literature review will compare cyber violence to traditional interpersonal violence in order to comprehend the characteristics of cyber violence in contemporary society. Introduction Cyber violence was defined as â€Å"an aggressive, intentional act carried out by a group or individual, using electronic forms of contact, repeatedly and over time against a victim who cannot easily defend him or herself.† (SmithRead MoreResearch Portfolio Assignment : Child Development And Children s Services1502 Words   |  7 PagesChildren’s Services research cluster will be helpful in implementing recommendations that will help prevent child maltreatment and promote healthy development in children (Davies and Ward, 2011). 2. Literature Search Begle, A. M., Dumas, J. E., Hanson, R. F. (2010). Predicting child abuse potential: An empirical investigation of two theoretical frameworks. Journal of Clinical Adolescence Psychology, 39 (2): 208-219. In the United States, about 871, 000 children were victims of maltreatment in the yearRead MoreThe Impact Of Public Debt On The Economy798 Words   |  4 Pagesthe whole body of international organizations as well as financial institutions at large. Especially after the financial crisis of 2008, the impact of public debt on the overall economic growth has being a subject for analysis although not much empirical work has been done. In April 2001, Ghana declared itself as heavily indebted poor country. 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This response reviews a concept analysis that looked at problems with successful breastfeeding. In the Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, Neonatal Nursing (JOGNN), Mulder (2006) identifies the four key elements of effective breastfeeding: â€Å"positioning, latch, sucking, and milk transfer† (p. 334) using the concept analysis by Walker and Avant. The methodRead MoreCSR Reports In China Literature Study726 Words   |  3 Pagesmanagement can be used to explain t he balance of CSR reports in China. Previous studies provide many good theories in this area, this study is going to build on them and provide empirical evidence to existing literature in order to better understand Chinese companies’ CSR disclosure and their reports. Literature review CSR adoption in China has a short history since mid-1990s, it is still in its inception. Along with the rapid economic growth in China in the past decades, there have been lotsRead MoreThe Following Essay Plan Sets Out The Framework Of Our Final Essay1290 Words   |  6 Pagespurpose. 1. Introduction The introduction will provide the background about earnings management (EM) at the beginning and then talk about the objectives of our essay, followed by the logic structure of the essay. Particularly, we have identified some literature such as Bartov (1993) to address the pervasiveness and significance of EM. Starting from this point, our essay will aim to provide insights on the motivations of EM; the potential EM suggested by each motivation and the detecting methods for EMRead MoreThe Holiday Effect : Evidence From Cross Listed Stocks1599 Words   |  7 Pages The Holiday Effect: Evidence From Cross-Listed Stocks Mohammed Alhashim FINA-6311 Seminar in the Theory of Corporate Finance April 26, 2016â€Æ' 1. Introduction One of confound empirical findings reported in recent finance literature is the presence of abnormally high stock returns on the day before holidays. In this paper, we are trying to investigate the holiday effects in a novel context. Specifically, we attempt to test the presence of holiday effect for a sub-group of stocks

Time and Life Free Essays

Everyone wants to be successful in their own, different way. It is a mutual dream shared by all, to be rich and famous. In my perspective being successful is much different, because money is not everything. We will write a custom essay sample on Time and Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now To make goals and follow your dreams will lead you down the road to success. Their will be bumps along the way, and you might have to take the harder road, but if you are willing to work hard and never give up, you will be successful. Like everyone, I have many dreams and goals that I would like to see myself accomplish during my life. I want to go to a great college and discover myself, what it truly means to be me. Then I will decide what I would like to spend the rest of my life doing because I honestly believe that, at my age, I do not contain within me the experiences necessary to determine what I want to be or what I want to do with my life. Given the opportunity, I would go into the ? eld of science to study biology or engineering to ? gure out how and why things work, living or not. But who knows? I might end up in a totally different ? eld, because wherever my heart goes, I am sure to follow. I want to go to a top school to start with a strong support in the world and to use this foundation to build my life upon. If the building blocks of my future are too small, I will be con? ned to certain things and not others that I would be able to reach with a bigger, sturdier base in knowledge. This will create limitless opportunities that may result in a great job. I want a job that pays well enough so that I could support a family, if I so choose. I want enough money to pay for little things in life, those that create great memories, but not so much that it will go to my head and make me a person that has worked so hard just to see himself become corrupt and sel? h. Above all I want to thank my parents for starting me off in the right direction, they gave up so much for me, because they instilled these values in me and made me who I am today. They have helped me this far, and they will help me in the years to come. Without them I would be nothing, and I believe that this deserves much more than simple thanks. My decisions will affect my future, whether it be the near future or in the long run. Seein g as I cannot predict the future, I will just have to work hard and make the right decisions. The right thing is not always the easiest thing to do, but is necessary if you want to reach your goals. The only obstacle that I see in the way of my future is myself. I can do anything I want if only I put my mind to it. But if I make the wrong choice and slack off, it is only that much harder to reach your goals. Another thing between my future and myself is time. Everything changes over time so it is only natural to believe that my short-term goals will too. But the things time cannot change are life long goals. The things you see yourself doing when you sit down and think of all the wondrous things in this world that makes you think what a miracle life really is. Life is a gift bestowed upon us, and it is our choice to determine where it goes. My goals are what make up my life, what keep me determined to ? ght for the next day and the drive behind everything I do. My family plays a huge part in who I am, and my values. I want more than everything in my life to be successful, and for those I care about to be successful in their lives too. How to cite Time and Life, Essays

Ibm free essay sample

A Case Study on the Coming of a Globally Integrated Enterprise Introduction Framed by the year 2009, the International Business Machines Corporation (hereafter IBM) aims at becoming a ‘globally-integrated enterprise’ and is therefore facing the act of balancing between being deeply connected (in order to provide value for customers and society) and yet above the fray (to avoid divisive controversies). Over its nearly 100 year history, IBM moved from international (exporting form the U. S. ) to multi-national (with subsidiaries in many countries) to global. At the end of the 20st century, tumbling profits from mainframe and PC businesses initiated a major competitive repositioning (i. e. , strategic renewal) in which IBM transformed from primarily a manufacturer of hardware into a provider of software, services, and systems. IBM’s initial international expansion was rationalized by access to new customers to capitalize on its core competencies. Comparative advantages and an ‘open’ approach towards knowledge, skills and innovation initiated IBM’s focus on becoming a global integrated enterprise to enhance competitive advantage in every market they compete. We will write a custom essay sample on Ibm or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However in early 2008, comments were solicited from large groups of employees and managers worldwide about the implications of IBM becoming a global integrated enterprise. A review of IBM’s business practice should reveal those implications and thereby identify IBM’s next steps in coming globally integrated. 1. What are the internal strengths of IBM and what are their weaknesses? The fact that IBM was one of the few computer manufacturers to survive more than 25 years and is heading for its 100th anniversary reveals its capable to create and maintain competitive advantages. IBM has proven to be agile and adaptive by transforming from a hardware to a technology solutions company and thereby obtaining the reputation of a leader in machine-independent â€Å"on demand† computing. A first important internal strength of IBM relates to the distinctive competence to being able to provide customers with an integrated IT ecosystem solution, consisting of consulting services and IT systems development and monitoring. This makes IBM an attractive business partner. In addition, the tight relationships which IBM manages to establish and maintain worldwide with business partners, governments, local communities and even competitors are key to the provision of IT solutions. Subsequent integrated solutions and tight relationships creates a certain lock-in to IBM’s services as switching costs for integrated systems are potentially high. The second internal strength relates to IBM’s technology and innovative capabilities. The emphasis on innovation is expressed by their numerous research, development, applications and innovation centres around the world. The focus on RD has made IBM the largest U. S. patents owner company in the world. In addition, IBM holds an open approach towards knowledge and innovation, in line with current trends in which innovation can come from inside and outside the company. They make use of internal and external experts, set out programs to generate and discuss innovative ideas among everyone attached to IBM, and embraced open source computing by making IBM software patents available to anyone working on open source projects. The third strength relates to IBM’s intensive technology education for both employees and partner organizations. Education does not only provide IBM with high-skilled employees, it also provides new market opportunities as partners organizations become aware and capable of integrating IT solutions to their (business) practices. In emerging economies, IBM’s strategy is to be involved with the economy-wide development of IT in terms of academic education and (start) providing IT solutions to governments as well as companies. This focus on the development, education, and implementation of IT did not only secure short-term revenues for IBM, both also longer-term market potential for IT implementations and the innovative potential of geographic areas. It is argued that there is resistance to locating decision making lower in the organization and talent is accumulating at the top, which might eventually affect quality delivered to customers. Therefore, an important (potential) weakness of IBM’s effort to become a globally-integrated enterprise is their local responsiveness and subsequent delivery of IBM talent and technology to customers. Moreover, local learning and bringing back ideas for worldwide projects could also be under pressure. Although CEO Palmisano is trying to reposition the center of the world away from Armonk, U. S. , and lower the center of gravity, many employees feel that top management still makes key decisions based on vertical lines of businesses, not on horizontal (geographic) indicators. Those vertical lines of businesses might also be more subjective to competition than horizontal operations, as competitors are mostly specified in certain aspects IBM provides, but not at the integrative (horizontal) approach which has led to the dominant position of IBM in IT solutions at large organizations. 2. What are the main external challenges?