Team to Achieve Milennium

CASE STUDY ANALYSIS OF: USING TEAMS to ACHIEVE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS CASE STUDY FOR HCA 6225-01 California State University East Bay – Hayward 02/21/13 1. One feature of the team in this case is frequent turnover among team members. How might turnover among team members affect team performance? What approaches can team leaders to take to minimize potential negative impacts of turnover and gain advantages, if any? Employee/team member turnover may be mostly a negative issue, yet it can become positive if only controlled by the organization correctly and appropriately.Turnover is often utilized as an indicator of the organization performance and it can easily be observed negatively towards the organization’s efficiency and effectiveness. Also, turnover is a natural outcome of an organization which is why it has to be kept to a minimum. In order to minimize the impact of turnover is to first address and understand the issue and cause of the turnover. The purpose of knowing is to raise alertness as to investigate for the â€Å"why†.Once the organization finds out the reasons and cause of turnover, there are variety of actions that the organizations and leadership can execute in order to prevent the effects and impacts of turnover. By ensuring that management learns the cause of turnover and act accordingly, turnover may be reduces or controlled. Lyman Coleman (1989) offers ideas on how to correct and prevent turnovers. His recommendation includes institution of exit interviews and other methods of finding reasons for people turnover. Also the following: * Get involved in finding our the cause of turnover Bring attention to bottom line figures and how turnover affects everyone * Have an open door policy style of managing to allow members to comment on what might be bothering them about their job and roles. * Realize there is more that one problem and pay attention to all. Stay alert * Execute periodic audits of job satisfaction * Have str ict hiring standards * Develop and constant training strategies * Conduct member meetings One of the best recommendation is to have open door policy that will allows the team leaders/organization to hear of issues prior to escalating.Finding and learning about the member job satisfaction and exhaustion early can eliminate turnover. But on the other hand, turnover can be beneficial to the organization by learning which team member to elimination/terminating poor performances that affect the organizations performance, this allowing for internal promotion and hiring new team members with innovative ideas. New team members can often bring positive input into the organization that can help handle turnover (Cintron, p4) In class lectures, team characteristics are discuss which are the following: * Team size, composition, and diversity: Too few or too many members may reduce performance * Diversity affects way individuals perceive each other and how well they work together * Status differe nces: * May motivate others or act as source of conflict and tension * Psychological safety * Perceptions about consequences of interpersonal risks in work environment * Team norms * Standard shared by team members regulating member behavior * Team cohesiveness * Extent members are committed to group task As a result it will follow into the model of team effectiveness. (HCA 6225, CH5) 2.Consumers or patients are sometimes involved in quality improvement teams, but in this role, they may feel that their voices are unimportant or that participation is symbolic rather than substantive. Do you think that consumers should be involved in the improvement teams in this case? Why or why not? If consumer involved, how can team leaders and members most effectively utilize their knowledge and insights? Consumers or patients can play an important role in shaping managed care by expressing their voice on issues; by participating in governance, management or otherwise; through representatives; or by some combination of these.So I suggest yes that they should be involve on the team improvement teams. Their Participation refers to active involvement on implementation. They can participate in oversight, governance, operations, opinion surveys, and complaints. Also according to Rodwin, the aims of early Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) parallel those of consumer/ patient movements. Managed care offers many benefits. It can increase access to primary and preventive care (with minimal or no out of pocket costs). It can also monitor and improve the practices of physicians and other health care providers and coordinate and rationalize the services of specialists.It can also control spending. Consumer involvement can put managers in touch with the experience and desires of customers. It can provide balance and perspective. Although they are being part of the team performance, their voice should be limited and watch over. Consumer voice, participation and representation program s, however, need to be viewed critically because they might demand too many services and can become divided and polarize issues, leading to increased conflict. So therefore, future challenge is to foster balanced, appropriate and effective use of consumer voice. 3.Even when team improvement efforts achieve change, the sustainability of change remains a pervasive challenge. In fact, sustainability of the teams may be problematic. What are the particular obstacles to sustaining the improvements achieved by teams in this case? Similarly, what factors might lead to the dissolution of the improvement teams over time? As a team leader, what strategic might be used to sustain change and to uphold the vitality of the team over time? Although teams have the capability to boost productivity and improve quality, they can also have the potential to increase costs and stress.As a result it can lead to lack of communication and motivation that can lead to the dissolution of the improvement of the teams over time. Team leadership should have skills pertaining to conflict resolution, overcoming communication obstacles, and effective structure techniques. Understanding the five stages of team development, which are the following: Stage 1: Forming In the Forming stage, personal relations are characterized by dependence. Group members rely on safe, patterned behavior and look to the group leader for guidance and direction.Group members have a desire for acceptance by the group and a need to know that the group is safe. They set about gathering impressions and data about the similarities and differences among them and forming preferences for future subgrouping. Rules of behavior seem to be to keep things simple and to avoid controversy. Serious topics and feelings are avoided. The major task functions also concern orientation. Members attempt to become oriented to the tasks as well as to one another. Discussion centers around defining the scope of the task, how to approach it, an d similar concerns.To grow from this stage to the next, each member must relinquish the comfort of non-threatening topics and risk the possibility of conflict. Stage 2: Storming The next stage, called Storming, is characterized by competition and conflict in the personal- relations dimension an organization in the task-functions dimension. As the group members attempt to organize for the task, conflict inevitably results in their personal relations. Individuals have to bend and mold their feelings, ideas, attitudes, and beliefs to suit the group organization.Because of â€Å"fear of exposure† or â€Å"fear of failure,† there will be an increased desire for structural clarification and commitment. Although conflicts may or may not surface as group issues, they do exist. Questions will arise about who is going to be responsible for what, what the rules are, what the reward system is, and what criteria for evaluation are. These reflect conflicts over leadership, structure , power, and authority. There may be wide swings in members’ behavior based on emerging issues of competition and hostilities.Because of the discomfort generated during this stage, some members may remain completely silent while others attempt to dominate. In order to progress to the next stage, group members must move from a â€Å"testing and proving† mentality to a problem-solving mentality. The most important trait in helping groups to move on to the next stage seems to be the ability to listen. Stage 3: Norming In the Norming stage, interpersonal relations are characterized by cohesion. Group members are engaged in active acknowledgment of all members’ contributions, community building and maintenance, and solving of group issues.Members are willing to change their preconceived ideas or opinions on the basis of facts presented by other members, and they actively ask questions of one another. Leadership is shared, and cliques dissolve. When members begin to k now-and identify with-one another, the level of trust in their personal relations contributes to the development of group cohesion. It is during this stage of development (assuming the group gets this far) that people begin to experience a sense of group belonging and a feeling of relief as a result of resolving interpersonal conflicts.The major task function of stage three is the data flow between group members: They share feelings and ideas, solicit and give feedback to one another, and explore actions related to the task. Creativity is high. If this stage of data flow and cohesion is attained by the group members, their interactions are characterized by openness and sharing of information on both a personal and task level. They feel good about being part of an effective group. The major drawback of the norming stage is that members may begin to fear the inevitable future breakup of the group; they may resist change of any sort.Stage 4: Performing The Performing stage is not reach ed by all groups. If group members are able to evolve to stage four, their capacity, range, and depth of personal relations expand to true interdependence. In this stage, people can work independently, in subgroups, or as a total unit with equal facility. Their roles and authorities dynamically adjust to the changing needs of the group and individuals. Stage four is marked by interdependence in personal relations and problem solving in the realm of task functions. By now, the group should be most productive.Individual members have become self-assuring, and the need for group approval is past. Members are both highly task oriented and highly people oriented. There is unity: group identity is complete, group morale is high, and group loyalty is intense. The task function becomes genuine problem solving, leading toward optimal solutions and optimum group development. There is support for experimentation in solving problems and an emphasis on achievement. The overall goal is productivit y through problem solving and work. Stage 5: AdjourningThe final stage, Adjourning, involves the termination of task behaviors and disengagement from relationships. A planned conclusion usually includes recognition for participation and achievement and an opportunity for members to say personal goodbyes. Concluding a group can create some apprehension – in effect, a minor crisis. The termination of the group is a regressive movement from giving up control to giving up inclusion in the group. The most effective interventions in this stage are those that facilitate task termination and the disengagement process. Reference: Burns, L. Bradley, E. , and Weiner, B. (2012). Shortell & Kaluzny's Health Care Management: Organization Design ; Behavior, (6th Edition), Clifton Park, New York: Delmar Cengage Learning. Cintron, Rene. Employee Turnover: Causes, Effects, and Prevention. Retrieved on February 09, 2013 from www. renecintron. com/files/Employee_Turnover. doc Coleman, L. G (1989 , December 4) Human Resources Management: An Experimental Approach )2nd custom edition) Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall. HCA 6225-01. Chapter 05 powerpoint. Retrieved on February 08,2013 from https://bb. csueastbay. du/webapps/portal/frameset. jsp? tab_tab_group_id=_30_1;url=%2Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexecute%2Flauncher%3Ftype%3DCourse%26id%3D%20_396854_1%26url%3D Marc A. Rodwin, May 1998. Address comments to Marc A. Rodwin, Associate Professor, School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. 47405 Tuckman, B. (1965) Developmental Sequence in Small Groups. Psychological Bulletin, 63, 384-399.? Tuckman, B. ; Jensen, M. (1977) Stages of Small Group Development. Group and Organizational Studies, 2, 419- 427. http://www. drexel. edu/oca/l/tipsheets/Group_Development. pdf

Nursing Specialty Essay

The world of healthcare is one of frequent changes. Those who have dedicated themselves to the nursing profession understand that healthcare is continuously evolving, as it is our responsibility to provide only the highest standard of care to our patients. Each nurse that is certified within a nursing specialty strengthens the entire healthcare team. Those that obtain specialty certifications are seen as the leaders in the field and are strong resources for the team members lacking the specialized education. Among the multiple nursing specialty certifications obtainable, legal nursing is relatively new. For many years registered nurses aided legal teams by providing attorneys with needed medical knowledge without the option of obtaining specialized training, earning specialized certifications and/or having the known support of a specialized national association behind them. Only due to a clear vision and the undying determination of several registered nurses, the not for profit national organization tilted the â€Å"American Association of Legal Nurse Consultants (AALNC) was founded in July of 1989† (â€Å"American Association,† n. d, para. 1). According to Huff, Costantini, and Mihalich, the driving force behind the birth of this national association was a group of registered nurses that had already been acting as legal consultants and were determined to educate the legal profession about the effectiveness of the nurse consultant as liaison between the legal and medical communities, and to provide a network for members to share expertise. The early pioneers recognized for initiating what now is a powerful specialty within the nursing field are Rosanna Janes, RN, Karen Wetther, RN, Joanne Behymer, RN, Paula Schenck, RN and Kathleen Loeffler, RN. The legal nursing consultant specialty has evolved greatly since its birth and has made several major contributions during its relatively short existence. The first contribution noted within the information provided by the Legal Nurse Consulting Principles states the following: While AALNC has always offered national membership benefits to nurses licensed in any state of the U. S. , it was through the establishment of chartered chapters that AALNC fostered membership growth, networking, and education at the local level. Within 10 years, chapter activity went from the three original local groups to chapters in more than 45 cities in 31 states. The number of chapters continues to increase each year. (Huff, Costantini, & Mihalich, n. d. , p. 27) The association demands that those with accreditation be highly educated along with maintaining current certifications to practice, the AALNC offers multiple resources to achieve these expected standards. The educational opportunities have developed and include an annual educational conference along with numerous educational materials in written, audio, and video formats that are readily available for its members. These are designed to assist nurses at all levels of expertise in legal nurse consulting practice. (Huff, Costantini, & Mihalich, n. d. , p. 30) An additional major contribution the AALNC has provided the nursing profession is â€Å"recognizing the importance of nursing certification that incorporates experiential and educational requirements, AALNC established the American Legal Nurse Consultant Certification Board (ALNCCB) in 1997. ALNCCB developed the Legal Nurse Consultant Certified (LNCC) certification program and credential† (Huff et al. , n. d. , p. 42). As explained above, the specialty of legal nursing has impacted multiple aspects of the healthcare system with the most important aspect being our patients. Legal nursing allows a registered nurse with specialized education to advocate for the patient from the beginning of a legal case to the end. The protection and safety of our patients is the number one responsibility of all healthcare professionals, it is essential that legal nurse consultants continue to work side by side with attorneys to ensure the best outcomes possible for all parties involved. The legal nurse specialty has also impacted multiple other entities including insurance companies and healthcare facilities by providing the essential medical facts needed to prove false claims of malpractice. With the many strengths the legal nurse specialty has brought to the nursing profession, it is evident that this specialty is nothing short of a necessity.

Policy Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Policy Analysis - Assignment Example ffordability of the healthcare insurance by essentially lowering the rate of uninsured, which is achieved by expanding the coverage while reducing the cost of healthcare for both individuals and the government. The Obamacare incorporated various measures to achieve the goals, including mandates, insurance exchanges, along with subsidies to expand the affordability and the coverage. The law further states that the companies which deal with insurance must cover almost all applicants who meet the new minimum standards while offering similar rates irrespective of sex or other pre-existing factors. Other reforms were aiming at essentially reducing costs while improving healthcare objectives by transforming the system in such a way that it focuses towards quality rather than quantity. This, in turn, is achieved after regulation, competition and also other incentives in order to streamline the deliverance of healthcare. It was in 2011 when the Congressional Budget Office announced that as per their findings the Obamacare would tend to lower not only the deficits but also the Medicare spending, labeling it as a win-win. In this context, the case of National Federation of Independent Business V Sebelius, the ruling which was published on June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court of the US upheld the constitution of the Obamacare as an individual mandate since it was proclaimed to be under the jurisdiction of taxing power rested in the Congress. Yet, the Court was of the view that the it would be unlawful to also force the states to go by the bill if they are under the penalty after which they risk losing the Medicaid related funding. Thus, given the complexity of the ruling, certain challenges are being faced by Congress and the Federal Courts, also other lobbies, unions and advocacy groups. It was, however, on March 31, 2014 that the deadline for open enrollment ended for the very first year of Obamacare exchange marketplace, where response was phenomenal (Mason, Leavitt &

The vulnerabilities of industrial control systems and possible Essay

The vulnerabilities of industrial control systems and possible solutions - Essay Example Industrial control systems (ICS) are imperative to the quality of life that most of society shares and depends on every day. These systems regulate the electricity, food supply, medical and chemical manufacturing, as well as many other processes and utilities that are used daily.After September 11, 2001, the threat of terrorist attacks became a high priority on the home front (Marsh 2006). Most people worried about airplanes, metro or subway systems, or bombs, but a few realized that with the computerization of control systems in a variety of industries becoming normal operating procedures, the risk of attack was just as possible as any other probable target. In fact, some of the systems, such as nuclear plants or chemical manufacturing companies, were more apt to be targeted than others. This concern led to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to lead a 500 member forum to discuss cyber-security of the ICS regulating our lives and our country.At the conclusion o f this 2004 forum, NIST produced the System Protection Profile-Industrial Control Systems (SPP-ICS) to use as guidelines and strategies to find the vulnerabilities in each facility and possible solutions. Some of the main concerns include terrorists and unfriendly governments, human error, disgruntled employees, bored teenagers, and natural disasters to name a few. However, most facilities looked only on the outside, without considering errors on the inside that could do as much damage as those external forces. (Barr, 2004; D'Amico, 2004; Marsh, 2006; NIST, 2004; NIST's process control, 2004; Wagman, 2008). NISTS findings were based on the System Target of Evaluation and all risks and vulnerabilities are determined by this standard. The corporate leaders should look at and consider the vulnerabilities and their solutions to help identify the areas that are in need of immediate attention in their own facilities and to make the cyber-connection of the location secure. Unfortunately some do not believe there is a real threat. For example, Tom Donahue from the CIA stated that "attacks on critical infrastructure lack the necessary dramatic display that seems to be preferred by this constituency" (Marsh, 2006, p. 12). This concept may have been true five years ago, but as the world becomes more connected the disruption of electricity, water, or gas would be a fairly dramatic event for those experiencing it, and for those watching it. Previously most facilities were separated by using their privately owned machines, hardware and methods of communication. However, with the onset of more facilities and corporations using "commercial, off-the-shelf" products the vulnerability increases (D'Amico, 2004). The SPP-ICS provides three main areas to watch; the type of agent, method of attack, and the asset that will be affected by the attack. The agent is the insider or outsider that either maliciously or accidently causes an attack on the ICS. The vulnerabilities of attack can include, but are not limited to, protocols, unnecessary systems attached to the ICS, outside remote access to the ICS, incorrect IT architecture, lack of security controls, and lack of risk assessment upon or prior to installation of the system. The assets consist of all the systems used to control the system software and hardware and the infrastructure of the company (Barr, 2004; NIST, 2004) When working to correct or strengthen the security of these systems, the company should look at physical items, the connectivity and if it is secure, authentication, backup and remote access as well as many other attributes of security. Understanding the

Slave Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Slave Trade - Essay Example This paper discusses that while John Barbot account is from an active participant in slavery Mary Prince account is that of a victim of slavery. John Barbot played an active role in slave trade as he was an employee of the French slave trading company in the 1670s and 1680s, the slavery activities of this company were mainly based in West Africa; a region which by then was one of the major French colonies. His account is based on the experiences during the business encounters in which goods were exchanged for human beings, and he notes most of those sold by blacks were mainly prisoners of war. These were mainly captives during various war encounters or those held hostage when a given community raids its enemy community.  This study declares that  intended objects of were often tricked to transport goods to the slave and without their notice; they were sold and held captive. Barbot recalls a story narrated to him of a father who had supposedly tricked his son to sell him but since the son was able to understand the conversation later on conspired with the slave trader and convinced him his father was his slave and as a result the father was held captive.  John Barbot account underscores the absoluteness nature of kings that any suspicion of threat from his subjects resulted to them being sold out as slaves, whereby a typical example of a priest who was sold to Barbot following a king orders being given. Kings were always above everyone in the society and their word was final.... Barbot recalls a story narrated to him of a father who had supposedly tricked his son to sell him but since the son was able to understand the conversation later on conspired with the slave trader and convinced him his father was his slave and as a result the father was held captive. However, the son was met by black slave traders on his way home, the goods he had received from the sale of his father were taken and he was also sold as a slave. John Barbot account underscores the absoluteness nature of kings that any suspicion of threat from his subjects resulted to them being sold out as slaves, whereby a typical example of a priest who was sold to Barbot following a king orders being given. Kings were always above everyone in the society and their word was final. They even had responsibilities to organising raids in neighbouring communities with intentions of capturing slaves for sale. In the account it is also revealed that young children of both sexes are also sold by their neighb ours (Stearns 181). These children were usually captured and sold at certain times of the year when they would be sent at strategic positions by parents to scare the birds that came to damage crops. In addition, in order to avoid starvation during times of famine people also sold so as to get the necessary maintenance, thus, the business of slave trade business is largely associated with kings, very rich in the society as well as blacks. Mary prince commences her account on slavery by revisiting her childhood familiarities and later on embarks on her slavery involvements in the West Indies. While John Barbot’s slavery account is focused on West African slave trade, Mary

Personal development as a strategic manager Dissertation

Personal development as a strategic manager - Dissertation Example Most of these refugees come from Eastern Europe thus the school is characterised with children joining at different times of the year. Because of this attribute the school has a higher number of pupils in the school who require specialist help. My role within the organisation is at a senior level as ‘Reading Consultant, the main duties include, teaching, delivering specialist reading intervention programmes and supporting teaching assistants delivering targeted support to children who are underachieving . My key area of management in this institution is the responsibility to develop Reading throughout the school. My work also involves working closely with parents and the community as well as developing partnerships with local schools. Taking into account the nature, scope and the underlying problems in this primary school it is evident that there is need to adopt specialised skills in order to execute the underlying task and responsibility in this organisation. 1.1. Organizatio n Strategic Direction STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES OF THE ORGANISATION The goals and objectives of this institution are :- To provide exceptional and inspirational teaching across a broad and intellectually stimulating curriculum. To offer excellent pastoral care in a school that is safe, healthy, secure and environmentally aware. To raise the profile of the school as a centre of academic excellence. To offer all children the opportunity to explore and develop their talents through the provision of extra curricular programme. To optimise the use of the school’s resources including staff, ICT, infrastructure, land and buildings for the benefit of current and future pupils To enhance the school’s facilities for sport, music and the performing arts. To strengthen partnerships with the newly established children’s centre. According to Mintzberg on his research on the roles of strategic manager on the perspective of organisation strategic direction, the categories of strateg ic management roles that he provides includes interpersonal, decisional and informational. It is important for managers to possess the relevant skills and experience to perform the underlying roles. Interpersonal roles mainly involve relationship of managers and the stakeholders within and outside the organization. These roles include being the organisational figurehead in which the acts as a symbolic head with unique status and authority and this involves myself speaking to the community on issues mainly education, and learning matters. Secondly concerns leadership where the subordinates are lead and this may involve indirect interpersonal role which include supporting teaching assistants and overseeing the adherence to the time table. Under this there is liaison where the manager effectively manages the information centre where network skills are enhanced, activities involved are collaborating with the local schools to enhance sharing of resources, expertise and skills. Decisional roles include managers acting as entrepreneur in which they initiate changes that aims at improving the organisational projects at various levels. Disturbances handler is another role where the manager is expected to deal with staff and any form of activity to stabilize the organisation, this include harmonising the learning process among children from various ethnic groups. Strategic managers also make decisions regarding the resource allocation making

Evaluate the evidence that Mass Extinctions are Periodic Term Paper

Evaluate the evidence that Mass Extinctions are Periodic - Term Paper Example Extinction is a reality. The research touches on extinction. The research delves on the the time period of extinction. Extinction is triggered by time period. Extinction is defined as the dying of huge numbers of animals within a short period of time. Under the Permian Triassic period, animal extinction occurred on some groups of animals. Under this period, the dying of huge group so animals is identified as â€Å"Great Dying†. The extinction occurred at 251 million years ago. The period is the middle period separating the Permian Period and the Triassic Geologic periods. The period is known as the most severe because there were more extinctions during the period, when compared to the extinctions that had occurred during the other time periods (www.sciencedialy.com). Another time period is the Mesozoic The Meozoic period falls within the Phanerozoic time period. The Mesozoic period is divided into 3 periods. The there periods are the Triassic period, the Jurassic Period, and t he Cretaceous period. http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/m/mesozoic.htm A third time period is the Paleozoic. The Paleozoic period is described as the geologic time scale. It is one of the four geologic time periods. The Paleozoic time period is composed of six distinct periods. The periods begin with the Cambrian period. Next, the Ordovician period crops up. Third, the Silurian period arrives. Fourth, the Devonian Period crops up. Next, the Carboniferous period creeps in. Last, the Permian period replaces the prior time period. The Paleozoic time period begins in 542 MYA to about 251 MYA. The Paleozoic period comes after the Precambrian Period. The Mesozoic Period replaces the Paleozoic time period. The Cenozoic Time Period is divided into four classic geological years. The first is the Paleoogene period. The second period is Neogene. The paleogene is divided into four periods. The first period is the Miocene period. The second period is the Pliocene Period. The third period is t he Pleistocene. The fourth time period is the Holocene. A fourth time period is the Cretaceous -Tertiary Extinction. The Cretaceous Period is one of the major divisions of the Geological timescale. The Cretaceous period starts at the end of the Jurassic period, estimated at 146 million years ago. The Jurassic time period (which the popular dinosaur movie, Jurassic Park, was based) covers the time period from 200 Million years ago and at the end of the Triassic time period to 146 million years ago. The article Mass Extinctions : Giant Fossils Are Revolutionizing Current Thinking states the extinctions occurred from 1 million years, after the biggest extinction of all time, the Permian -Triassic extinction, had been discovered by international team (Nutzel et al. 2010). The extinction can be described as the decline in the quantity of organisms during the same time period. The article clearly shows the different mass extinctions where biodiversity is reduced. Over the past 540 years, more than 19 mass extinctions have cropped up. The factors that triggered the mass extinctions are described as environmental conditions. For example, the change of the Ocean's oxygen level to a lower, uncomfortable conditions. Next, the change ocean's waters have become poisonous. In addition, the survival of the fittest principle forces the strong animals to wipe out the weak competitors for food. Consequently, the present supply chain is disrupted. For example, the gastropods or bivalves could not adapt to

International trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

International trade - Essay Example in 20 countries of the world, so far the company has not expanded into one of the most important emerging economies in the world in the world, India. Goldman Sachs, in its world famous BRICs report has predicted that within the year 2050 four emerging economies, Brazil, Russia, Indian and China would have a combined GDP more than the combined GDP’s of G6 countries or the biggest present six economies of the world in terms of US Dollar. Income levels would rise in these economies and as a result there would be huge demand for consumer goods including motorcycles.. The Indian economy is predicted to surpass the economies of Italy, France, Germany and Japan by the years 2015, 2020, 2025 and 2035 respectively. The report also points out that the Indian economy shows the potential of accelerating the fastest for the period of next thirty to fifty years. (Dreaming with BRICs: The Path to 2050, 2003). This high rate of growth presents huge opportunities in front of local and multinational companies and this is the right time to invest in India. Moreover India is already one of the most important motorcycles and two-wheeler markets in the world. The domestic two-wheeler market size of Indian in the year 2007 was 7.86 million units which were 4.2 million units in the year 2004 (Automotive Industry, October 2007). India is already the 2nd largest two wheeler producing country in the world and as of 2007 two wheelers constituted around 76.2% of the total automobile market in the country with CAGR of 14.5%. Moreover out of this huge two wheeler market, 83.3% is constituted of motorcycles. All these data signify how important India is or should be for any motorcycles manufacturer of the world. So it is crucial for Triumph motorcycles Ltd. To venture into the Indian market seriously to leverage its present and future growth potential. On the other hand due to the subprime crisis which started in the US followed by the credit crisis, many economies including UK have suffered

Funding Higher Education Essay Example for Free

Funding Higher Education Essay In order to address budget requirements during revenue deficit years, other opportunities are available to the government other than simply raising taxes. One viable opportunity is opening research facilities in higher education to private use. Higher education institutions have various wet and dry laboratories that can be very useful to commercial and other private business entities conducting research. Some of these entities usually enter contracts with private laboratories. By opening school resources, government would be able to tap the finances of these private entities into the schools. In fact, the government can take this strategy one step further by constructing an internship curriculum for its students that involve working on private company projects (Gordon, 2000). Through such an internship program, qualified students would be sent to work in school facilities on research work required by funding entities. Of course, interns would be given an appropriate allowance. This provides an innovative and practical learning experience for the students as well as a minimal source of income. Furthermore, it creates linkages to the industry where they might be able to more conveniently find employment after graduation. Another possible strategy is opening campus grounds to private promotional projects. These projects set up booths and conduct activities that target the attention of students and/or faculty members to avail of certain products or services. Of course, entities that would like to promote their products would have to be screened thoroughly according to the academic institution’s mission-vision to ensure that no contradictions are present. These two strategies can raise revenue up to appropriate levels and allow the school budget to be funded for the revenue deficit academic year. Reference Gordon, J. (2000). Private Education Management. N. Y. : Doubleday.

United States Economic Situation Essay Example for Free

United States Economic Situation Essay The US has the largest and most technologically powerful economy in the world, with a per capita GDP of $49,800. In this market-oriented economy, private individuals and business firms make most of the decisions, and the federal and state governments buy needed goods and services predominantly in the private marketplace. US business firms enjoy greater flexibility than their counterparts in Western Europe and Japan in decisions to expand capital plant, to lay off surplus workers, and to develop new products. At the same time, they face higher barriers to enter their rivals home markets than foreign firms face entering US markets. US firms are at or near the forefront in technological advances, especially in computers and in medical, aerospace, and military equipment; their advantage has narrowed since the end of World War II. The onrush of technology largely explains the gradual development of a two-tier labor market in which those at the bottom lack the education and the professional/technical skills of those at the top and, more and more, fail to get comparable pay raises, health insurance coverage, and other benefits. Since 1975, practically all the gains in household income have gone to the top 20% of households. Since 1996, dividends and capital gains have grown faster than wages or any other category of after-tax income. Imported oil accounts for nearly 55% of US consumption. Crude oil prices doubled between 2001 and 2006, the year home prices peaked; higher gasoline prices ate into consumers budgets and many individuals fell behind in their mortgage payments. Oil prices climbed another 50% between 2006 and 2008, and bank foreclosures more than doubled in the same period. In addition to dampening the housing market, soaring oil prices caused a drop in the value of the dollar and a deterioration in the US merchandise trade deficit, which peaked at $840 billion in 2008. The sub-prime mortgage crisis, falling home prices, investment bank failures, tight credit, and the global economic downturn pushed the United States into a recession by mid-2008. GDP contracted until the third quarter of 2009, making this the deepest and longest downturn since the Great Depression. To help stabilize financial markets, in October 2008 the US Congress established a $700 billion Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP). The government used some of these funds to purchase equity in US banks and  industrial corporations, much of which had been returned to the government by early 2011. In January 2009 the US Congress passed and President Barack OBAMA signed a bill providing an additional $787 billion fiscal stimulus to be used over 10 years two-thirds on additional spending and one-third on tax cuts to create jobs and to help the economy recover. In 2010 and 2011, the federal budget deficit reached nearly 9% of GDP. Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan required major shifts in national resources from civilian to military purposes and contributed to the growth of the budget deficit and public debt. Through 2011, direct costs of the wars totaled nearly $900 billion, according to US government figures. US revenues from taxes and other sources are lower, as a percentage of GDP, than those of most other countries. In March 2010, President OBAMA signed into law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, a health insurance reform that will extend coverage to an additional 32 million American citizens by 2016, through private health insurance for the general population and Medicaid for the impoverished. Total spending on health care public plus private rose from 9.0% of GDP in 1980 to 17.9% in 2010. In July 2010, the president signed the DODD-FRANK Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, a law designed to promote financial stability by protecting consumers from financial abuses, ending taxpayer bailouts of financial firms, dealing with troubled banks that are too big to fail, and improving accountability and transparency in the financial system in particular, by requiring certain financial derivatives to be traded in markets that are subject to government regulation and oversight. Long-term problems include stagnation of wages for lower-income families, inadequate investment in deteriorating infrastructure, rapidly rising medical and pension costs of an aging population, energy shortages, and sizable current account and budget deficits including significant budget shortages for state governments.

Ernest Hemingways Indian Camp Analysis

Ernest Hemingways Indian Camp Analysis The Indian camp is generally recognized as one of Hemingways best and most interesting short stories. It primarily focuses on the relationship between father and son, and on its attendant rites of initiation into the world of adult experience: child birth, loss of innocence and suicide. (Werlock). The boy, Nick Adams, accompanies his doctor father to the Indian camp where a pregnant woman has serious complications as she labors to give birth. Dr. Adams ultimately saves her life and that of the baby by performing a caesarian section, but, shortly afterwards, the womans husband commits suicide. The story dramatizes what is apparently the young Nick Adams first confrontation with profound personal suffering. This can be reflected in the numerous questions that he poses to his father, do ladies always have such a hard time having babies? and do many men kill themselves, Daddy? ,the afflictions and torments of life now seem clear to Nick for the first time in his life. A number of specific questions arise from this short story, such as, why does the Indian husband kill himself? What is Uncle Georges role, and why does he disappear by the end of the story? How are we supposed to feel toward Dr. Adams? although the story is consistently read as a father-son initiation tale, these sort of questions encourage a reader to look beyond the simple and benevolent fact that Dr. Adams almost surely saved the life of the Indian woman and her baby and focus attention on some more disturbing aspects of the story. (Tyler) The story Indian camp, was crafted with a lot of symbolism and other aspects of literature that are so characteristic of Hemingways, approach and technique of narrating his stories, that is, in a very simple and obvious way but full and rich with hidden meanings. These aspects of the story are what this paper will seek to look at and address, with the expectation that they will come as close as possible to what other writers have attempted to imply Hemingway meant when he wrote the short story. The story through various aspects portrays the notion of initiation, young Nick Adams is being initiated into adulthood. From the beginning of the story, nick and his father, got in the stern of the boat and then crossed over from one area to another by use of water. The water herein represents not only a means of travel but also, the cycle of life from birth to death. moreover, when they are heading back, the writer states, The sun was coming up over the hillsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ this too symbolizes a new beginning for young nick who through the experience at the Indian camp, returns home ,having passed through another rite of passage. In addition, when they arrive at the Indian camp, the young Indian stopped and blew out his lantern. This literal shift from lightness to darkness represents the figurative separation for nick. He no longer is positioned in his comfort zone. The description and the meticulous details that Hemmingway has narrated in regards to the journey that they take to arrive at the Indian camp. A journey that was seemingly very long and endless. They had to travel across the river and through the forest overcoming all the obstacles and being blinded by nightfall. This journey tends to signify the passage that an individual takes after birth all the way through to adulthood, commonly referred to as the journey of life. The Indian womans screams have been going on for a long time, so long that the men of the village have purposely moved out of earshot; but Dr. Adams tells nick that the screams are not important(68) and chooses not to hear them. As a doctor, he adopts this attitude as a professional necessity in order to accomplish the difficult task of performing the operation without aesthetic. Conversely, it may indicate his callousness to the womans evident pain. Dr. Adams is coolly professional to the point of callousness. His jubilant pride in his work immediately after the operation becomes particularly pronounced when the writer writes, He was feeling exalted and talkative as football players are in the dressing room after a game. In addition when he addresses Uncle George and says, Thats one for the medical journal, George, Doing a Caesarian with a jack-knife and sewing it up with nine-foot, tapered gut leaders. Ironically this ends, the moment he realizes that his indifference to his patients screams blinded him to the acute emotional suffering of her husband in the upper bunk, suffering that directly led to the mans suicide. Readers view of DR. Adams may influence the way they interpret the Indians husbands suicide: why does he slit his throat moments after Dr. Adams has operated and the baby is successfully delivered? Do readers see a connection between the presence of Uncle George and the husbands decision to commit suicide? Is Uncle George the father? We also have to look at uncle Georges remarks to Dr. Adams, oh, youre a great man, all right(69), this could have been taken either as a seriously remark, meant to congratulate him for the successive delivery or sarcastically intended, in reference to the widely speculated thought that the born child could be his son ? The short bust of questions from Nick to his father on the significance of life and death leave him with his final thought: he feels quite sure he would never die (70). Nicks reflections on immortality, here in the protective warmth of his fathers arms, may represent his last moments of youthful innocence before he falls into such adult experiences such as romance and war which are reflected in the latter chapters of in our time. It is also worth noting the fathers cruelty in compelling his son to participate in a bloody, exquisite painful operation, which the boy is too young to see. Well before the suicide, the evidently overwhelmed young boy elects to stop watching the operation. Moreover, the fathers reference to his son as an interne indicates his egoistic motivation in compelling his son to witness the messy and painful surgery. He wants to remake his son into his own image There is also the explicit description that Hemmingway gives while relating to the graphic image of the Indian who commits suicide, His throat had been cut from ear to ear. The blood had flowed down into a pool where his body sagged the bunk. His head rested on his left arm. The open razor lay, edge up, in the blanket(69.), this great detail description is employed to show the effect that the picture had on Nick, since shortly after, he commences a conversation with his dad, whereby he questions his father about suicides. This leads changes the focus to death rather than the birth of a new child. Nick is shocked at the sight of a dead person and through this he learns that indeed life is very easy to cut short. And in addition removes the peaceful image that they had of the world, a harmless and untouched world. The birth of the baby and the subsequent death of the Indian husband is an ironic tragic event. Through this happy yet tragic chain of events, the true message of humanitys own mortality is revealed. Life gives way to death and the reverse is also true Many if not all initiation stories end with a sort of epiphany which usually signals the prime of the maturity process of the protagonist, in Indian camps, the story does not follow the conventional orthodox pattern of an initiation stories. Nick, Dr. Adams sons does not come to this accepted realization and ending, from his final thought: he feels quite sure he would never die (70). He shows that his maturity process still remains incomplete in the initiation. (Campbell) Hemingways oblique and sparse writing style encourages such open-ended questions, and his ending to the story refuses to settle on a single clear. This can be reflected in his end statements which leave the reader with more questions than answers to think and pounder about. Cited sources Campbell, Joseph. The Hero with a Thousand Faces. 3, illustrated. New World Library, 2008. Hemingway, Earnest. Indian Camp. In the Complete Short Stories of Earnest Hemingway. The Finca Vigfa Edition. New York: Charles Scribners sons, 1987. Tyler, Lisa. Student companion to Ernest Hemingway. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001. Werlock, James P. The Facts on File companion to the American short story, Volume 2. 2. Infobase Publishing, 2010.

Aristotle’s Politics - The Good Man Should Not Rule the City Essay

Aristotle’s Politics - The Good Man Should Not Rule the City Aristotle contends that the good man is dissimilar to the good citizen in ways he goes a great length to illustrate. He distinguishes the two for the purpose of facilitating his later arguments concerning the appropriate allocation of sovereignty to the rightful ruler, who he subsequently claims is the good man who excels all others in each and every aspect. Aristotle's distinction further prompts the notion that he advocates a monarchial form of constitution, for the rule of a single good man is equivalent to a constitution of kingship. This can be derived through the following reasoning. Aristotle is convinced that the good citizen can so be defined only in relation to the constitution he is an element of: 'The excellence of the citizen must be an excellence relative to the constitution (1276b16).' The good man on the other hand, 'is a man so called in virtue of a single absolute excellence (1276b16).' He further asserts that the good citizen 'must possess the knowledge and capacit y requisite for ruling as well as for being ruledÃâ€"a good man will also need both (1277b7~1277b16).' From these conclusions of Aristotle, it is evident that the good man and the good citizen differ in the manner of their excellence, but not in their capacity for ruling or being ruled. It should therefore follow that there should not exist impediments to the ruling by the good citizen in the city as opposed to the ruling by the good man due to the fact that they are identical in their competence to rule. However, Aristotle in his later arguments, crowns the good man as ruler: 'in the best constitutionÃâ€"there is someone of outstanding excellence. What is to be done in that case? Nobody wou... ...scussed). The justification of the good man in becoming the supreme educator can be made in the following way. Since all absolutely excellent men (good men) arrive at their excellence through the process of education, that is, they are not innately excellent, their efforts should be directed toward the emulation of their excellence in the children of the city, for they are the ones who know best the process of becoming excellent. In this manner of education, the children (being future citizens) will grow up to become good men and good citizens, and thus the future city will comprise of many potential rulers. The good man through education, will contribute towards the ruling of the city indirectly in such an instance, and not directly as Aristotle claims he should do. Works Cited Aristotle. Poetics. Trans. Gerald F. Else. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Paperbacks, 1990.

Alcohol and Sexual Assault - Its Time to Stop Sex Bias :: Argumentative Persuasive

Alcohol and Sexual Assault - It's Time to Stop Sex Bias If we are serious about sexual assault, we should reject principles that perplex us when honestly applied to the problem. Some are now advising us to accept, as a guide to personal responsibility and the prevention of sexual assault, the intoxication principle: an intoxicated person cannot consent to sex. So should we accept it? If so, how shall we apply it to Jack and Jill, who had sex while both were intoxicated? According to this principle, neither Jack nor Jill consented to sex, which is perplexing about which, if either, has been assaulted. If Jill has, so has Jack, and if Jack has not, neither has Jill. Consider a replacement: the has-been-drinking principle: a person who has been drinking cannot consent to sex. But what if Jack and Jill have sex after drinking but neither is intoxicated? The issue of sexual assault is no less baffling here than before: if Jill has been assaulted, so has Jack, and if Jack has not, neither has Jill. Moreover, the has-been-drinking principle excuses too much. Surely responsibility for resisting the non-intoxicating effects of alcohol applies to men and women alike. Should we then reconsider the intoxication principle? What if Jack and Jill have sex while Jack has been drinking and Jill is intoxicated? On the intoxication principle, Jack is responsible for having sex but Jill is not, which undoubtedly is sometimes sexual assault. There are two nagging difficulties, however. Suppose when Jill sobers she sincerely denies being sexually assaulted because she wanted to have sex while intoxicated. Must we conclude that a sober, intelligent woman cannot know whether she was assaulted? What, then, are we to think when she says that she was? Also, what if Jack and Jill have sex when he is intoxicated and she has simply been drinking? An even-handed, honest application of the intoxication principle should conclude that Jill sexually assaulted Jack. But many do not find this sexual assault at all, even if Jack sincerely objects when sober that he never consented to sex. In charging men with assault, universities sometimes evoke principles that hold men, but not women, responsible for sex when alcohol is involved. For well thought-out reasons, our legal system rejects such principles, prompting universities to devise legal systems all their own. They sometimes implement a gender-differentiated drinking principle: if a woman has been drinking, she cannot consent to sex, but a man consents to all his sexual behavior whether he is fully sober, has been drinking or is intoxicated.

Kate in all my sons Essay

?How does Miller use representations of speech and other dramatic techniques to present the character of Kate in this extract and in one other extract in the play? Section from the start of act 3 to the stage direction – â€Å"Jim exits to driveway† To beginact 3, Arthur Miller uses dramatic stage directions to set the scene. These stage directions present the character of Kate in a deranged way. It says that she is rocking â€Å"ceaselessly† in a chair. The use of the adverb â€Å"ceaselessly† suggests that her temperament is somewhat unstable. Following these stage directions, Miller begins the dialogue of the extract with an interrogative utterance from Jim – â€Å"any news? †, it is interesting that Jim comes straight in with a question and doesn’t form a phatic utterance to begin conversation with Kate. It makes the atmosphere feel more formal and dull. Kate’s response is extremely short which means she isn’t open to any other sort of conversation with Jim â€Å"no news†. This adjacency pair makes it clear that kate is not one for phatic conversation, this is known by Jim who doesn’t attempt any ‘chit chat’ with her. when Jim says –â€Å" you cant sit up all night, dear, why don’t you go back to bed? †, in brackets, it says that he speaks gently. This has the connotation that Kate is fragile and requires to be spoken to in a gentler manner. The character of Kate is displayed at depressed. Miller does this by the short and limited replies she gives Jim. An example to show this is when Jim says – â€Å"don’t be afraid, Kate, I know, I’ve always known† and all she says back is â€Å"how? †. This one – worded interrogative utterance tells us that she is disinterested in what Jim has to say and also that she has other burning issues on her mind. Also when Jim explains and describes to Kate in detail how chris is going to come back and he makes an effort to convince her and put her mind at ease. Regardless of his effort, kate still replies coldly with a short â€Å"just as long as he comes back†. It is almost as if she doesn’t recognise that Chris is trying to be kind to her. this shows the character of kate in a unfriendly light. the second extract is in act one when kate gives a speech which explains the dream she had about Larry.

3-dimensional (3D) packaging technology Essay

Introduction 3-dimensional (3D) packaging technology is a method used to provide volumetric packaging solution in products. This technology uses the height, otherwise known as the third or z-dimension, for achieving higher levels of integration and performance in the products. 3D technology chiefly helps in the space-efficient integration of the multi-media functions in the products. The present trend among the consumers is to look out for products, having the maximum functionality in the smallest and lightest possible package. This demand for more functions in the smallest volume, calls for higher memory capacity, which in turn demands more complex and efficient architectures. In addition, the new product designs in digital handbook, cell phones, digital cameras, PDAs and music players, require that these features are integrated using innovative technical form factors and architectures. See more: Social process essay The 3D packaging in recent times has been associated with the delivering of the highest level of silicon integration and area efficiency at the lowest cost, smallest size and best performance.   This has resulted in higher growth and brought in newer applications, for the technology. This growth trend in the 3D technology can be seen since the year 1995. Prior to this, the most efficient and economic way to provide more functionality to an electronic system was to integrate all these functions onto the individual chips using the system on Chip, SOC. However, this method was becoming costlier and also less efficient, as the number of functions to be integrated in a single chip further increased. In addition, some chips that could be integrated together logically were mechanically incompatible, due to the different die materials used. The present day technologies in high density packaging have reached a very advanced stage. Now a single chip system can be very efficiently split into multiple dies, so as to provide better performance at lower manufacturing costs. Over the past few years, die stacking has emerged as a powerful packaging option for satisfying challenging IC packaging requirements. It works by integrating chips vertically in a single package. This increases the amount of silicon per unit area, which leads to a smaller package footprint, hence conserving system-board real estate. In addition, it enables shorter routing interconnects from chip to chip, speeding the signaling between them. Heterogeneous devices can also be stacked using this technology. There is an additional benefit of the simplification of surface-mount system-board assembly, due to the lesser number of components being placed on the board. Vias – Due to the increasing number of dies in a stack, the designers are facing the challenge of meeting the temperature design specification. One method to counter this is to provide a thermal path from each individual die to a substrate using thermal vias. These thermal vias can be implemented using several methods. One of the approaches is to have a thermal die that thermally connects each die to the substrate. The heat from each die is conducted rapidly from one end of the board to another, either through the die attach or the vias. Thermal vias are made of copper runs providing the a path of least thermal resistance, and so heat is transferred through the vias in a proportion much greater than the area of the vias. Usually one end of via is attached to the IC and the other end is attached to a heat sink. Thermal vias work very well with flip-chip devices. With no additional space required for the heat conduction, these are considered as a mini-thermal solution. Through Silicon Vias – Through silicon vias, TSVs, are vertical structures in between the chips that are used as an interconnection to eliminate the existing wire bonds. These allow for the shortest electrical path between two sides of wafers or die, used for 3D die-to-die, die-to-wafer, MEMS wafer level packaging. A TSV, 3-D chip stacking process hence provides a means of implementing complex, multi chip systems entirely in silicon. TSVs. By the vertical stacking of the blocks using this technology, the wire length of interconnects can significantly be reduced. Vias provide both electrical and thermal path. In this paper, the thermal enhancement realized by the vias is discussed along with trying to find out a way to remove heat from the dies. The power applied to the dies is between 5-10 watts power. We found that one such method was to use silicon dies.    Objective of the Study The methodology of the present study will be explained in detail in the next section. The study focuses on the following points: A study was made on the heat transfer enhancement of the stacked die geometry using Through Silicon vias, TSVs, on the die pad location. Different schemes were studied. The use of the TSVs to reduce the maximum junction temperature accumulated at the wafers was studied The exact placement of vias   to optimize thermal management, was done Finally, a study of the thermo-mechanical issues, which occurred when TSVs are used, was made. Methodology The figure below explains the methodology used for this study. First, the package components including the vias were created using Pro /Engineer Wildfire. After this the material property was defined and the various components were assembled. The entire geometry and the properties were then imported to Ansys workbench. Here, the Boundary conditions were defined and implemented. Finally, the end result, which is the thermal enhancement of the die geometry, was evaluated. Modeling Methodology Any device’s thermal properties can be expressed as a part of an electrical circuit diagram. If, ÃŽ ¸JA is the thermal resistance between junction, and ambience given in â„Æ'/W, then mathematically ÃŽ ¸JA can be expressed as bewlow: The geometry is created using Pro-e, as mentioned in the previous section. Here, every element should be saved in the UDF library. This is done, so as to make it possible to retrace various parts for assembly. In this assembly area, the area contact is done using the mate option, and the vertical and horizontal lines can be joined using the align option. For the analysis, a molded Ball Grid Array, BGA, stacked package has been considered. The package substrate is 9Ãâ€"9 mm in area and is 0.3 mm thick. A fully populated solder ball matrix with a ball count of 56 and a pitch of 0.8 mm is used. The stand off height after reflow is 0.2 mm. The thickness of the mold compound cap is 1.20 mm with the same dimensions as the package substrate. The diameter of the thermal vias is 0.20mm and its thickness is 0.86mm. The stacked packages have 16 vias and 9 vias. This paper compares the junction temperature of stacked dice with and without vias. Three different package architectures were modeled, viz. [a] Stacked with spacers die, [b] Rotated stack die, [b] Pyramid stack die as shown in figure. Three non-volatile dies measuring 6.4Ãâ€"4.8 mm, with a thickness of 0.2 mm, form the spacer die. Die thickness is 0.25mm in rotated die. The bottom PCB is made of a die measuring 32Ãâ€"24 mm, with a thickness of 0.6 mm. In the spacer stack die, dummy die is 5.6Ãâ€"4.0, with a thickness of 0.08mm. For this paper, solderball geometry is modeled closely approximating the real solderball. In solderball geometry, mid diameter is 0.43mm, and top and bottom diameter is 0.33mm, with a height of 0.33mm. Solderball distance is 0.8mm. These dimensions are not specific to a particular package. They are based on values found in present market for a typical molded BGA stack package. The details of the package dimensions and material properties of the components is shown in the below. Simulation and Case Studies While doing the Simulation using the Ansys workbench, the following boundary conditions need to be applied to all the faces of the modeling and to the PCB. The film coefficient is 10W/m ²  ºC and the Ambient Temperature is 50 ºC. Also a power of 0.3 W ia applied to each of the three dies. By dividing area 0.3W / 6.5Ãâ€"4.8 (Die area), we can get a heat flux as 9765 W/m ². The main physics behind the technology is providing a smooth and effective heat transfer path. Due to the high thermal conductivity of the copper i.e. the thermal vias, a proportion of the heat much greater than the surface area of the vias will be transferred. As mentioned in the section above, for the baseline simulation, an effective heat transfer coefficient of 10 W/m ²- ºC with 50 ºc ambient temperature was applied on the top of the mold cap, and the top and bottom surfaces of the circuit board. For all the three types of stacks, the result was a junction temperature of 116.2 ºC with no vias. When 9 vias were included, for the same heat transfer coefficient, the junction temperature was reduced to 111.7 ºC, results in a decrease of around 3.6% of the maximum temperature in each of the architectures. By increasing via count to 16 we got the junction temperature to 110.7 ºC effectively reducing the junction temperature by 4.49% of the maximum temperature in each of packaging. The figure below explains the proportional vector plot of heat flux in ANSYS Workbench, where the heat flow path can be seen, which densely collects at the via location. This heat flux is a negative heat flux which is flowing away from the surface and takes away energy out of the body in the form of heat Vias can also provide a means of customizing the heat transfer process for devices with a highly non-uniform power distribution. This is especially important for high density interconnects where the device has highly non-uniform power map. Test Cases There were 12 case studies conducted on the simulation test tool. As mentioned earlier, each case was tested with and without vias, and the corresponding temperature plot was drawn. In each case the maximum and minimum temperatures achieved were also noted. For one of the cases it was found that the particular test case no 11 gave a lesser temperature, in the range of 60-70 degrees. The following is a description of the 12 test cases: Case 1 – The first case consisted of the Dies showing the temperature plot at the film coefficient of 200W/m ²Ã‚ ºC. The power applied to the top die, die with vias and the bottom die was 6watts, 2watts, and 2 watts respectively. The maximum temperature achieved was 316.459  ºC and the minimum temperature was 269.908  ºC. Applying same conditions without vias gave the maximum temperature as 317.2  ºC and minimum temperature as 269.591  ºC. Case 2 – For the second case, the Boundary conditions applied were a film co-efficient of 200W/m ²Ã‚ ºc and Power of 2 watts applied equally on all the three dice. The maximum temperature achieved was 216.363  ºC and the minimum temperature was 169.568  ºC. Applying same conditions without vias gave the maximum temperature as 217.140  ºC and minimum temperature as 169.55  ºC. Case 3 – For this case, copper was used as the substrate mask and the film coefficient was 400 W/m ²c º. The maximum temperature achieved was 178.739  ºC and the minimum temperature was 144.488  ºC. Applying same conditions without vias gave the maximum temperature as 179.426  ºC and minimum temperature as 144.463  ºC. The Observation of the above results showed that the temperature difference with and without Vias was only 1 ºC. Case 4 – For this case, convection was applied on board and top die. The power applied to on top, middle and bottom dies was 4watts, 3watts, and 3watts respectively. The maximum temperature achieved was 93.775  ºC and the minimum temperature was 36.098  ºC. Applying same conditions without vias gave very slight change in the plot, the maximum temperature as 93.911  ºC and minimum temperature as 36.105  ºC. Case 5 – For this case, the Film co-efficient of 400W/m ²c º on top of the top die and 15W/m ²c º on the Pwb. Also 5watts power was applied to each of the dies. The maximum temperature achieved was 209.345  ºC and the minimum temperature was 128.857  ºC. It was seen that the minimum Temperature occurs at the top die where the vias were present. Applying same conditions without vias gave very slight change in the plot, the maximum temperature as 210.878  ºC and minimum temperature as 128.739  ºC, i.e. a drop of only 1.6  ºC was observed. Case 6 – For this case, germanium die was used, instead of silicon die. The maximum temperature achieved was 223.052  ºC and the minimum temperature was 118.468  ºC. Applying same conditions without vias gave very slight change in the plot, the maximum temperature as 225.219  ºC and minimum temperature as 118.286  ºC, i.e. a drop of 2.6  ºC in the Junction temperature was observed. Case 7 – For this case, the Film co-efficient on board was 300 W/m ²c º, the Film co-efficient on top surface was 400W/m ²Ã‚ ºc, and 5 watts power applied on both dies. The maximum temperature achieved was 119.575  ºC and the minimum temperature was 43.411  ºC. Applying same conditions without vias gave the maximum temperature as 120.076  ºC and minimum temperature as 43/504  ºC. The maximum change in Junction temperature, with and without vias was observed.0.5  ºC. Case 8 – In this case, a very high thermal conductive material has been used For the through silicon vias (ie.600 W/m ºc). The maximum temperature achieved was 119.575  ºC and the minimum temperature was 43.411  ºC. Applying same conditions without vias gave the maximum temperature as 95.315  ºC and minimum temperature as 36.347  ºC. The maximum temperature between i.e. a drop of 2.6  ºC in the Junction temperature was observed.0.5  ºC. Though high conductive vias were used there is no significant drop in the maximum temperature in the dice. Case 9 – The following case used TSVs with the application of higher power( 7 watts) on the top die than the Other two dice i.e.., 2 watts on the die with vias and 1 watt on the bottom Die. The maximum temperature achieved was 97.657  ºC and the minimum temperature was 39.063  ºC. Applying same conditions without vias gave the maximum temperature as 97.889  ºC and minimum temperature as 39.032  ºC. As seen, the TSVs made a vnegligile difference of 0.5  ºC. Case 10 – In this case, the total power on the dice was 5 watts and the power on the die with vias was 5 watts. The maximum temperature achieved was 61.754  ºC, which was the least temperature, and the minimum temperature was 29.576  ºC. Applying same conditions without vias gave the maximum temperature as 61.871  ºC and minimum temperature as 29.55  ºC. Case 11– In this case, the substrate and substrate mask thickness is drastically reduced to 0.075mm and 0.085mm. The maximum temperature achieved was 93.697  ºC and the minimum temperature was 36.079  ºC. Applying same conditions without vias gave the maximum temperature as 93.775  ºC and minimum temperature as 36.067  ºC. Case 12 – In this case, the simulation was done by applying high power of 6 watts on the top die and 2 watts each on the middle and bottom die. The maximum temperature achieved was 88.320  ºC and the minimum temperature was 35.481  ºC. Applying same conditions without vias gave the maximum temperature as 88.512  ºC and minimum temperature as 35.445  ºC. Conclusion In this paper elaborate study has been done in analyzing the effect of thermal vias on the die and ways to bring down the junction temperature by reduce count. Thermal enhancement was tested by running the thermal simulation with various test cases, and also with / without thermal vias. The Temperature profile of the entire stacked die geometry was plotted in Ansys Workbench. It was found that Thermally Through Silicon vias in this particular package did not give a significant effect on performance because of less area of vias and package construction. The use of silicon die did give a lesser temperature as compared to other materials. Future studies will focus on doing the stress analysis of this package with vias, using techniques like thermal shocks for profiling the thermal properties this package in further detail.

Psychology Essay

Outline and assess the use of experiments in social psychology drawing on the cognitive social perspective and one of the other three perspectives in the module (discursive psychological, phenomenological or social psychoanalytic). This essay will provide a description of the experimental method for both the cognitive social perspective and social psychoanalytic perspective. A compare and contrast will be given for the two perspectives in a critical evaluation as an approach to doing research in social psychology. The cognitive social perspective ontology is that, researchers view the person as a thinker in society. Thought processes are believed to have been shaped by and help create the world in which they live in. This perspective has to offer two approaches in the mainstream, social cognition and social identity. Social cognition views the person to be a cognitive miser thereby, being a social thinker and information processing. As a result forms limited opinions based on categorizing and prejudices. Social identity traditions gives emphasis to the socialised thinker whereby, ones’ cognitions are structured by group memberships located in a particular social system. The cognitive social approach follows a statistical methodology by which, researchers gather their results in the form of quantitative data to analyse. This is an experimental, social psychometric method. Researchers conduct studies in which they collect quantitative data and test theory based hypothesis using standard statistical techniques. The researcher’s primary tool is the laboratory – based experiment not confined to the field, such as, the classroom, work place, the crowd. The various techniques include, survey, questionnaires, case studies, and observational methods. As psychology takes part within the individual, this is the primary unit of analysis. The individual’s psychology is significantly affected by the social context. For example, attention to group memberships, inter group relations, a broader social structure that impinge on the individual. The approach is interactionist, which analyse the individual’s cognitions but, also appreciate the way in which these are structured by the social world they inhibit and helped to create. The social psychoanalytic perspective ontology is that, identity is formed psychically and socially in dynamic and inter-subjective relations with others. Human behaviour and consciousness are partly shaped by unconscious motivations. These unconscious motivations are frequently in conflict with conscious thoughts and intensions. Conflict is provoked by unconscious anxiety which is defended against through unconscious defence mechanisms. These defences play an important part in the construction of the individual, social, institutional, cultural lives. The social psychoanalytic approach follows a qualitative and interpretative methodology with the assumption that to understand social life, we need to understand how language is used and how the meaning is constructed. It also takes from psychoanalysis the notion that people are never consciously aware of what unconsciously motivates them or all the meaning of what they say and do. People are viewed as having unique biographies and identity that are made up of psychic defences that are partly developed from their social context. Many researchers explore the methods that people use to make sense of everyday life. For example, the use of narrative interviews because this allows research subjects to talk at length and freely as possible. Researchers seek to analyse contradictions and conflicts that arise from unconscious desires, anxiety and demands of the outside world. This is taken from applications such as, projection, splitting, and projective identification. The focus of analysis is the interconnections between the internal world of the psyche and ones’ understanding of their responses to the actions and on their external world. Meanings can only be understood in relation to a larger whole and a psychoanalysis is informed by the whole interview plus all other data collected in relation to the case, such as, the researchers field notes. There is no established psychoanalytic method because psychoanalysis is a clinical method and not a research method. Stanley Milgram 1963, (cited in Wendy Hollway, Helen Lucey, and Ann Phoenix) a pioneer in social psychology in the research of obedience to authority. Milgram ran a series of studies under different conditions to determine†¦ Milgram lead his subjects to believe that the studies were investigating the ffects of punishment on learning. The experimental subjects had to administer electric shocks to people whom they were unaware were actually his accomplices. The subjects were ordered to increase the voltage whenever the learner made a mistake. They were completely unaware that the electric shocks were not delivered, and that they were only lead to believe so. The subjects level of obedience were measured against a 30-point incremental scale of intensity of electric shocks delivered. The subjects received an ‘obedient’ status if they managed to deliver shocks throughout the experiment without refusal. However, if the reverse was true and refusal was encountered earlier on in the experiment, a ‘disobeyed’ status was granted. Results showed that even as subjects objected to administering the shocks as they heard pleas of distress, they still carried on after stern and insistent instructions were made. Milgram found that more than 60 per cent continued to administer the shocks at the higher end of the scale. As controversial as this type of research is especially of what is ethically acceptable today, Milgram found that the subjects were not negatively affected. He not only interviewed and debriefed the participants but, also introduced a follow up questionnaire a year later. The questionnaire confirmed Milgram’s assumptions that the participants felt positively toward the experiment (Milgram, 1974, cited in Wendy Hollway, Helen Lucey, and Ann Phoenix). By carrying out this type of research, Milgram has attached scientific authority to the phenomenon, ‘obedience to authority’. His research clearly demonstrates that people will obey authority even when they are aware of the distress and cruelty it may cause. Kurt Danziger, 1985 (cited in Wendy Hollway, Helen Lucey, and Ann Phoenix) agrees to a certain point that statistical methodology is effective in discovering a solution to problem areas. His argument is that statistical methodology is effective but limited. This is given that the context of a specific practical problem requires an unambiguous solution within limited confines. For example, in an experiment to investigate whether the surrounding of an individual interferes with their performance in the completion of a given task. The surrounding environment can be manipulated and the participant’s performance on the task can be recorded. The conclusion of the experiment is limited to the confines of the experiment and does not apply to any given situation outside of that. The experimental approach is useful in instances where it is difficult to find out what the true feelings of a given subject are. Colin Leach, 2005 (cited in Wendy Hollway, Helen Lucey, and Ann Phoenix ) conducted research into this area, in particular on the topic of Schadenfreude: pleasure felt at another’s failure. Schadenfreude is not openly expressed and can be difficult to detect. In this case, the experiment revealed hidden feelings by exposing causal relations and meaningful patterns among variables. Experiments allow the researcher to develop a model of the proposed processes and to test the implications of theories. This reveals what lies beneath the surface either what one does not wish to admit to, or is unaware of their unconscious thoughts and feelings which motivate their behaviour. The social psychoanalytic approach keeps the person more holistic rather than contextual. Therefore, techniques such as free association allow for the individual to uncover their deepest thoughts without restrictions or confines. For this reason, this type of approach is less intrusive compared with social cognitive approach in finding out what motivates an individual. The analysis of data, thereafter involve breaking down the material into themes and recognising a pattern. Hereby, is a chance to recognise any underlying motivations or unconscious thoughts and fears that is influencing the current behaviour. The social cognitive approach by comparison could be criticised for unethical considerations in their application to uncover the same data being unconscious motivations/thoughts. To conclude, the two approaches show how different perspectives will produce different knowledge due to the difference in which they frame their object of analysis. Experiments are good at revealing thoughts and feelings people do not wish to reveal or are unable to.

Compassion Fatigue Essay

― Tahereh Mafi, Shatter Me The health care industry is made up of nurses, doctors, and other medical professionals who are dedicated to the care and healing of others. The modern medical field is a very fast-paced, stressful, and demanding environment. Often, the constant stress and demands of the job can adversely affect the healthcare provider. Not surprisingly, those who go into the healthcare industry, do so because they have a sincere desire to make a difference in people’s lives and provide care for a patient’s spiritual, mental, and physical needs. However, this type of career requires energy and dedication way beyond that of other comparable careers. â€Å"Compassion fatigue† is a common side-effect. â€Å"Compassion fatigue† can be defined as, â€Å"the gradual decline of compassion over time as a result of caregivers being exposed to events that have traumatized their patients (Cherry 497).† In fact, the damage that results from this condition has been linked to more sick days, high turnover rates, and decreased productivity. If left untreated, this condition can adversely affect patient safety, so it is vital that hospitals and healthcare providers are able to accurately recognize compassion fatigue and treat it early. (Landro, L. 2012) Compassion is an important and critical gift necessary for the care of others. Compassion can be defined as, â€Å"sympathetic consciousness of others’ distress together with a desire to alleviate it† (Merriam-Webster 2013). No one is immune to compassion fatigue. In fact, anyone caring for another person can suffer from it. However, compassion fatigue is more prevalent in the health care industry due to the extenuating nature of the work. The reality is that healthcare providers have an exhausting array of job duties that entail lengthy shifts, selfless service, endless dedication, love, and compassion. Due to the extreme demands, medical professionals often neglect their own personal needs for the sake of others. Every single day, healthcare professionals come face to face with disease, illness, decline in health, and death. Over time, it can be incredibly traumatizing. â€Å"Compassion is a verb.† ― Thich Nhat Hanh If not prevented or left untreated, â€Å"compassion fatigue† can negatively affect a caregiver emotionally, spiritually, cognitively, physically and behaviorally. Warning signs can manifest themselves in a variety of ways. The emotional effects of compassion fatigue can include mood disturbances, increased apathy, lassitude, irritability, discontentment, hopelessness, aggressiveness, hostility, numbness, and helplessness. (Eagan, T. 2012) Other signs may include oversensitivity, restlessness, depression, anxiety, and even substance abuse. (Lombardo, B., Eyre, C., 2011) The spiritual effects of compassion fatigue may often be harder to pinpoint. Warning signs may include subtle things such as starting to question one’s purpose in life, an increasing sense of disbelief or an increasing sense of aimlessness. (Ginter, C. 2010). The caregiver may start to question their personal religious beliefs, become increasingly skeptical and even question life’s meaning. (Portnoy, D. 2011) The cognitive effects of compassion fatigue can be easier to identify. It’s easy to observe when someone is having difficulty concentrating or is unable to focus on tasks and duties that are critical to the job. The work ethic and performance of the healthcare provider may also be affected, resulting in increased absences, low morale, decreased motivation, and overall negativity in the workplace. This not only affects the healthcare provider, but also their co-workers and patients. The physical effects of compassion fatigue can include, but are not limited to headaches, chronic pain, sleep disturbances, fatigue, and self neglect (poor diet, lack of exercise, poor hygiene). (Eagan, T. 2012) Other physical effects can include gastrointestinal complaints, hypertension, (Pfifferling, J., Gilley, K. 2000) muscle tension and cardiac symptoms (chest pain, tachycardia, and palpitations. (Lombardo, B., Eyre, C., 2011) Behavioral changes can include â€Å"isolating†, withdrawing, extreme hyper-vigilance, (Portnoy, D. 2011) apathy or extreme attention to work, avoiding, faking interest, blaming, restlessness, and even inappropriate humor (Ginter, C. 2010). â€Å"I would rather make mistakes in kindness and compassion than work miracles in unkindness and hardness.† ― Mother Teresa, A Gift for God: Prayers and Meditations Although compassion fatigue can be an easy problem to identify, the specific causes of this condition are often varied and harder to pinpoint. The stressful nature of a healthcare career can certainly create â€Å"the perfect storm†. Overall, health care professionals can feel stressed about things like control over workload, lack of recognition or appreciation of doing a good job. Lifestyle changes can also cause compassion fatigue. If the person is working too much without taking time off to relax, taking on too much responsibility with no help from others, not getting enough sleep, or not having a supportive relationship in their personal life, it becomes easier for compassion fatigue to develop. People with certain personality traits (pessimistic, perfectionist, those who do not delegate, and type A, and overachievers) are particularly predisposed to experiencing compassion fatigue or burnout. The constant exposure to negative situations, stress, loss, and giving more than receiving, in addition to having a more intense personality, can increase the risk of developing compassion fatigue. (Frandsen, B. 2010) â€Å"Compassion fatigue is caused by empathy. It is the natural consequence of stress resulting from caring for and helping traumatized or suffering people† (Portnoy, D. 2011). In the medical field, nurses, doctors, and other health care providers often witness pain, suffering and death first-hand. They play numerous roles with less time, resources and support. The increased demands and stress along with the constant exposure to negative and traumatic events can build up over time and put anyone at risk for compassion fatigue. â€Å"Love and compassion are necessities, not luxuries. Without them, humanity cannot survive.† ― Dalai Lama XIV, The Art of Happiness A caregiver is not so different from a patient. Both caregiver and patient have physical, spiritual, and emotional needs that must be met. When their own needs are neglected, caregivers are unable to properly care for their patients. In short, they’re hurting themselves as well as the patients. Maintaining regular exercise, staying hydrated, staying productive, eating healthy and taking time to rest and relax are critical ways to reduce the chances of developing compassion fatigue. Although spiritual beliefs may be different from person to person, it is vital to nourish and grow in one’s faith. Those needs may be different depending on beliefs and may include going to church on a regular basis, taking the time to pray or meditate, speaking with a church leader, reading scriptures, or having time alone to reflect and think. There are many different ways a caregiver can begin to focus on their spiritual health. (StopPain.org 2013) Emotional needs are another important area that should be nurtured. Emotional needs are just as important as physical and spiritual needs. A caregiver may need time to mentally unwind, have peace and quiet, laugh and cry, and â€Å"tune in† to their personal experiences and emotions. Taking short breaks to renew emotional energy and doing things that bring you joy and happiness are ways to increase and improve emotional health. (StopPain.org 2013) By making sure the needs of the caregiver are met, the caregiver, patients, and even the company will benefit from it. There are many ways to cope with compassion fatigue. Perhaps the most important way of addressing the needs of the caregiver is to acknowledge compassion fatigue when necessary and take aggressive steps to assist caregivers in finding supportive coping strategies. Some coping strategies according to Varner, J. (2004) include: asking for assistance and support from peers or other support groups, staying positive, smiling and talking to peers, using humor to decrease anxiety and tension, giving comfort through physical contact, taking breaks with peers and not alone, using problem solving tools, generating solutions, and focusing specifically on tasks at hand. Learning how to balance work and life essentially means learning how to invest the time and energy into taking care of oneself in order to effectively take care of others. Putting together a plan of self-care (journaling, yoga, meditation, exercise, proper diet, doing things that you find pleasure in, and doing non work related activities) as well as educating yourself and others on communication skills is vital in preventing compassion fatigue. Employers can aid in combating compassion fatigue by offering on-site counseling, support groups, de-briefing sessions, and bereavement interventions (Boyle, D., 2011) that all work together to give employees the tools and skills needed for prevention. Early recognition of compassion fatigue is vital to anyone in a caring profession. Maintaining and constantly improving self-care and creating optimal wellness are crucial in order to properly care for others. .†Caregivers need to be able to deliver excellence without compromising their well-being†(Portnoy, D. 2011). Caregivers often neglect their own personal needs for the sake of others and need to realize the importance of focusing on their own needs first. By taking care of their own needs and ensuring they have a life that entails supportive relationships, health care providers will be able to successfully care for their patients long-term.

Deeper Insight by Use of Point of View – Summary

Deeper Insight by Use of Point of View The majority of authors use literary elements to build up their story. However, the author of the short story â€Å"Barn Burning† uses one particular element to build up his own story in a very unique format. William Faulkner uses various literary elements in the story, but the most critical one is point of view. Faulkner uses point of view to develop characters, the theme, and the plot of the story.Faulkner’s use of point of view helps the reader understand who the characters are, how the characters develop, and aids in understanding the characters actions throughout the story. Faulkner uses a nonparticipant narrator as well as Sarty’s thoughts and views for point of view. This unique usage provides readers to infer and interpret the characters. This point of view raises an interesting question. Does the narrator defend Abner throughout the story? The illustration of the fire building passage provides us with proof of the d efense. †¦that the element of fire spoke to some deep mainspring of his father's being, as the element of steel or of powder spoke to other men, as the one weapon for the preservation of integrity, else breath were not worth the breathing, and hence to be regarded with respect and used with discretion. † (Yunis 1). The narrator speaks of Abner’s use of fires as how he dealt with being in the lowest of low classes and his feeling of injustice. By the narrator focusing on the barn burnings in this way, it makes the reader feel sympathy for Sarty and the rest of his family without ever having to state it.Not only does it provide the reader with sympathy for the family, but also a better understanding of Abner. If the narrator did not inform us of the lowness of life Abner lived then the beating of his children, his unlawfulness, his disrespect, and his barn burning would just imply that he was evil. Abner was indeed a very evil man, but the defense of Abner by the nar rator gives the reader a better understanding of Abner’s characteristics and actions. When the point of views shifts into Sarty’s thoughts, Sarty does not necessarily defend his father’s actions, knowing they are wrong, but instead tries to understand them.From the beginning of the story, when Sarty is asked to testify in the case involving his father and Mr. Harris, Sarty is conflicted. He knows he should be honest and tell the truth, but he knows loyalty is vital to his father. In the end, he chooses to follow his father’s commands. However, as Sarty matures he chooses to value honesty over loyalty which ends up costing his father’s life. Themes of â€Å"Barn Burning† greatly submerge from Faulkner’s use of point of view.One theme in particular is the theme of Sarty’s search for peace. Relating back to the courtroom case, Sarty is loyal to his father. His loyalty to his father brings only violence within his family and confli ct within himself. Sarty finds no escape from the vicious environment he is surrounded in until they arrive at Major de Spain’s house. At this point the point of view shifts in and out between Sarty’s thoughts and the narrator. â€Å"Hit’s big as a courthouse he thought quietly; with a surge of peace and joy†¦They are safe from him.People whose lives are a part of this peace and dignity are beyond his touch†¦the spell of this peace and dignity rendering even the barns and stable and cribs which belong to it impervious to the puny flames he might contrive†¦Maybe he will feel it too. Maybe it will even change him now from what maybe he couldn’t help but be. † (Faulkner 159). Sarty believes at this point he will find peace at last, he has escaped violence, and that his father will change. He believes his father will see that the house is too magnificent to destroy. However, the size of the house does not faze his father.Only a few momen ts later Abner purposely steps in horse manure, walks into the house, and soils an expensive rug. Faulkner’s use of point of view is critical to the development of the plot of the story. By entering Sarty’s mind the reader understands how he is developing. The narrator aids in the plot build-up by describing the events occurring in the story. The reader learns at the beginning of the story (scene of courtroom) that Sarty is already conflicted between family loyalty and his own morals. At this point the reader understands that Sarty will eventually have to choose between family loyalty and his own morals.All of this sets up the plot of the story due to the fact that the climax of the story is Sarty's final decision of this confliction. He struggles with this confliction throughout the story which first establishes itself at the beginning in the courtroom. Sarty’s decision to tell Major de Spain of his father’s plan to burn his barn exposes his ultimate cho ice of his own morals over family loyalty. Major de Spain shoots and kills his father because of Sarty's warning that Abner was going to burn his barn. It is only after Abner’s death when Sarty finds something related to, but not quite peace.Although there will be no more fires, lies, beatings, and violence, his father is no more as well. The use of point of view is crucial to William Faulkner’s short story â€Å"Barn Burning†. Point of view helps the reader to learn who the characters are and the reasons behind their actions, provides a better insight to the themes of the story, and supports plot development. Without the unique use of point of view it would be very difficult to understand the story because â€Å"the narrator can do for Sarty what the young Sarty cannot: he understands Abner's anti-social behavior, his anger†¦ an tell the truth about Abner's fires†¦ † (Yunis 6). The use of point of view in this intricate form provides deeper ins ight to the story as a whole.Works Cited Faulkner, William. â€Å"Barn Burning. † Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Ed. X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 11th ed. New York: Longman, 2010. 155-67. Print. Yunis, Susan S. â€Å"The Narrator of Faulkner's â€Å"Barn Burning†. † The Faulkner Journal 6. 2 (Spring 1991): 23-31. Literary Resource Center. Web. 3 Oct. 2012.